哈布斯堡家族发源于瑞士北部的阿尔高州，并在1020年筑起鹰堡，名为哈布斯堡，并逐渐将势力扩展到莱茵河西岸流域。1273年，哈布斯堡公爵鲁道夫一世当选德意志国王（但未加冕为皇帝）。1282年12月27日鲁道夫一世夺取被波希米亚国王奥托卡二世占有的奥地利与施蒂利希公国，旋即分封于自己的两个儿子阿尔布雷希特与鲁道夫，自此奥地利划归哈布斯堡皇室拥有长达600余年。 鲁道夫一世1291年逝世后，拿骚家族的阿道夫被选举为国王，但因其与英国结盟很快遭到厌弃，鲁道夫一世之子阿尔布雷希特被选为对立国王，并在1298年击败阿道夫，正式登基。1308年，阿尔布雷希特一世被自己的侄子士瓦本的约翰杀害，自此后虽然阿尔布雷希特的次子腓特烈曾被选举为对立国王，并与巴伐利亚的路德维希四世共治，然而其后的100年间哈布斯堡家族的势力开始退缩到以奥地利为主的家族领地，并把南阿尔萨斯、布赖施高（Breisgau）和帝国内的其他一些领地陆续划入治下。14世纪期间，新成立的瑞士联邦不断向德国南部扩张，导致哈布斯堡家族失去祖先建立的鹰堡。自此，哈布斯堡王朝的基地正式由瑞士南部的鹰堡，转移到下奥地利的维也纳，哈布斯堡家族也被称为奥地利家族。
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